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9.3 The true value of ultra-trace elements in HIBRIXTM : | |
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9.3 The true value of ultra-trace elements in HIBRIXTM : | |
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1.+ and - qualifier : Examples : +always -never
If you prepend a word with + that word is required to be on the page.
If you prepend a word with - that word is required to not be on the page.
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Our daily food, as produced by modern agriculture, contains [apart from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen] :
3 major nutrients [N, P, K]
6 minor nutrients [Ca, Cl, Mg, Fe, Na, S]
5 trace elements which are monitored and maintained in agricultural soils
[Mn, Z, Cu, B, Mo]
That is a total of merely 17 minerals.
3 trace elements might be added at other stages of our nutrition :
Co in salt licks for cattle & sheep
Se in fortified chicken feed
I in table salt
A total of only 8 nutritional trace elements !
Another 8 [Se, I, Cr, Ni, F, Ti, Li and V] are fairly widely accepted to have proven benefits(*) for humans and animals; and claims that up to 10 to 34 more are beneficial/desirable, if not needed.
Graeme Sait of Nutri-Tech notes that :
"[a] The very first cell that sprang from the Precambrian Ocean contained 77 minerals;
[b] Nothing in nature is an accident; and
[c] It is a safe bet to assume that the other 60 minerals play some as yet unidentified role in cell nutrition.
Any product derived from the ocean contains the full spectrum, as these minerals are all present in seawater."
HIBRIXTM contains, apart from Se, I, Cr, Ni, F, Ti, Li and V which are fairly widely accepted to have proven benefits(*) for humans and animals, over 30 more detectable minerals, [all sea plant-derived] : Sr, Ce, Al, As, Ag, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Cs, Ga, Ge, Hg, In, Ir, La, Nb, Os, Pb, Pd, Pt, Ra, Rb, Rh, Sb, Sn, Te, Th, Tl, Ti, U, W, Zr
This site references studies which have demonstrated the crop benefits and mammal health benefits of additional trace elements provided in adequate measure(*) beyond those conventionally recognised and applied to simply correct plant deficiencies.
(*) Note though that excess anything is harmful.
As an example for the blinkered who still question the specific relevance of many of the others, one may read eg :
[a] On lanthanum, RIRDC Project No: CSC-47A report [Dr F W Smith & Mr E Diatloff and Prof C J Asher, CSIRO Div of Tropical Crops Dept of Crops, Cunningham Laboratory and Pastures, University of Queensland, ST LUCIA QLD AUSTRALIA 4067; TEL : 07 377 0233 07 365 2067 FAX: 07 371 3946] :
" the total dry matter production of corn was unaffected, although root growth was increased by 36% in the presence of 0.19 mM La (about 30 ppb).
The root growth of mungbean was increased 21% in the presence of 0.19 mM La, although the total dry matter yield of mungbean was unaffected at this La concentration."
An increase of 10's of percent in root mass would generally have a major impact on the capability of a plant to manage stress - and probably in the quality of the Dry Matter Yield(**). Differences in Dry Matter Yield would be expected to surface under such (real) growth stress situations.
(**) I suggest that apart from Dry Matter Yield, one should assay for quality [protein, fat and/or Brix] as well.
Meehan & Peverill [1996/7] found that pasture production improved by 24% at a field site in Simpson, Victoria, following two applications of 1kg/ha of lanthanum.
[b] Regarding arsenic : convincing evidence for the essentiality of arsenic was produced as early as the mid-seventies [See Nielsen ao [1991] and Anke ao [1984, 1997]].
Anke's As-deficient goats and pigs showed decreased fertility, low birth rates, and retarded growth. Lactating arsenic-deficient goats were also observed to die suddenly with myocardial damage.
Nielsen's arsenic-deficient rats exhibited rough fur, increased osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes, and abnormally enlarged spleens containing excessive amounts of iron.
Uthus ao [1983] and the EPA [1984] have summarized studies demonstrating adverse effects of arsenicdeficient diets in goats, mini-pigs, chicks, and rats, where arsenic-deficiency affected manganese metabolism. See also Ulthus [1990].
Arsenic in combination with choline is actually included in poultry rations as it prevents 100 percent of perosis ("slipped tendon) in chickens and poultry. Perosis in birds results in a "carpal tunnel," "TMJ" and repetitive motion" type degenerations.
Frost [1983] and Schmidt ao [1984] reported on other physiological features of As deficiency.
A study by Mayer ao [1993] suggested that arsenic homeostasis is altered by haemodialysis, and that low serum arsenic is correlated with central nervous system disorders, vascular disease, and "possibly" cancer
The suggested arsenic requirement for animals is between 25 and 50 ng As/g (based on diets containing 4000 kcal/kg). Extrapolated to the human population, this dietary intake is equal to 12.5 to 25 µg As/day.
Human diets normally contain 12 to 50 µg As/day, and thus the postulated arsenic requirement for humans apparently can be met by food and water normally consumed. However, there may be dietary situations where the requirement for arsenic is not met (for example, low dietary arsenic coupled with an altered methionine metabolism or hemodialysis).
Regarding cancer, it is interesting to note that New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center [Soignet ao [1998]] reported that arsenic cleared up 11 out of 12 cases of leukemia in the first Western experiment to test the poison as a cancer killer [as it has been traditionally applied in China].
Furthermore, separate studies in China, U.S.A. and Europe are showing that inorganic arsenic trioxide (As2O3) exhibits an ample anti-leukemic activity in both newly diagnosed and relapsed patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) [Niu ao [1999], Soignet [1998]]
An As-containing organic compound, melarsoprol , has been found effective in APL, inducing programmed death of leukemic blood cells both in vitro and in vivo [Soignet, 1998]]. The anti-cancer action of arsenic trioxide and melarsoprol is due to the induction of apoptosis. The effectiveness of As2O3 has recently been demonstrated in vitro against cancer cell lines of gastric [Zhang [1999]], head and neck [Seol [1999]], oesophageal [Shen [1999]], epithelial [Zheng[1999]] and neural [Akao [1999]] origin, and against the plasma cells of myeloma [Rousselot [1999]].
[c] In the mid-1970s, Schwarz and others directed their attention to the study of the nutritional roles of lead and cadmium, two other elements that until then had always been regarded only as poisonous. Schwarz [1977] could still report initial evidence for the biological essentiality of these [and arsenic], but his death prevented completion of these studies. Although not all criteria of essentiality of Cd and Pb have been met, his observations were independently confirmed and extended by Anke ao [1977] and Kirchgessner and Reichlmayr-Lais [1981]
Cadmium is an essential nutrient for goats. Anke ao [1986, 1987] reported that at less than 15 mcg Cd/kg ration Dry Mass plus water over a 10 year period with 79 goats, cadmium deficiency had no significant effects on feed intake but impaired growth, caused myasthenia, reduced milk production, shortened life span and caused unthrifty kids; while the essentiality of Pb has been established in rats (Kirchgessner and Reichlmayr-Lais [1986]).
With respect to cadmium, Dobrojubskij & Slavvo [1958] also found that spraying 6 to 560 ppm Cd improved yields and sugar content, and reduced the total acid content of the grapes - while increasing ascorbic acid.
[e] Finally :
Dare one draw to attention Russian research demonstrating the viticultural benefits of very low mercury dosing [20 ppb - increased berry mass, sugar content, reduced acidity and advanced ripening - Dobroljubskij [1959a]].
That the ultratrace elements contributed by seaweed-based plant tonics could be worthy of adoption even from a simple consideration of crop improvements let alone the greater value to the people animals eating those crops is indicated by some astounding results [eg in viticulture] of under-researched [except in Russian experimental farms] trace elements usually beyond the usual biota/phyto boundaries, such as :
[a] Cr [essential for good control of glucose metabolism in humans, and necessary for converting fat to energy by the mitochondria of our cells].
In research on grape production :
[i] Dobrojubskij & Slavvo [1955] established that a 0.07 ppm spray increased the sugar content and reduced acidity; while a 7 ppm spray increased berry size [as well as changing redox potential, redox index and pH; increasing the activities of catalase, ascorbic acid oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and invertase.
[ii] Dobrojubskij [1959b] determined that the biochemical effects of trace Cr supplementation ultimately resulted in increased yields, higher sugar contents, reduced acidity and earlier ripening.
[iii] Dobrojubskij et al [1983] found that 300 ppm Cr in Bordeaux mixture increased yields by 6.6% and berry sugar content by 0.45%, and slightly advanced ripening.
[iv] Strakhov et al [1984] found that spraying 13 ppm Cr had a marked effect on increasing the bound/free lipid ratio, which increased the resistance of the plants to low temperatures.
[v] Derkunskaya [1961] achieved increased bunch weights by treatment with Cr.
Cobalt supplementation for crop nutrition is normally only considered for the benefit of grazing stock health.
[b] Co [is essential for forming the essential vitamin, B12. Apart from human health, Co is absolutely essential for the leghaemoglobin enzyme in soil bacteria, as cobalamin coenzyme B12 (vitamin B12 and its derivatives). If cobalt is deficient, the amount of leghaemoglobin enzyme is damaged, and the bacteria do not proliferate].
Again in research on grape production :
[i] Dobrojubskij & Slavvo [1956] found that spraying with Co [0.5 to 250 ppm] increased volume and weight [20%], in most cases the sugar content as well [1.22%] and advanced maturity by about a week [Aligote & Reisling cultivars]
[ii] Dobrojubskij [1960] also found that spraying vines with Co reduced grape acidity by 1.52%.
[iii] Strakhov & Tanurcov [1982] obtained the highest yields of Aligote grapes [9.7 to 12.4 tonnes/Ha] of good quality grapes [17.2-18% sugar] spraying 500 ppm Co.
[c] Ni [Nickel has been demonstrated to be an essential nutrient for some mammalian species, and it has been suggested that it may also be essential for human nutrition. By extrapolation from animal data(***), it is estimated(****) that a 70-kg person would have a daily requirement of 50 µg of nickel].
(***)National Academy of Sciences. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Safe Drinking Water Committee, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1980] :
(****)Whereas animals can be contained and their feeding on monotonous diets specifically prepared to have practically no contained nickel is feasible, this is not feasible for humans and practically appropriate trials [eg diets containing substantially less than 50 microgrammes of nickel] are difficult to implement.
The Agricultural Research Service Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory in Ithaca, NY has determine that Ni is an essential plant trace element : Ni is required by the urease enzyme to liberate nitrogen to useable form; Ni is also required for effective plant iron adsorption, and seed germination. Deficient plants can fail to produce viable seeds.
In research on grape production :
[i] Dobrojubskij & Slavvo [1957] reported that 50 milligramme Ni per vine increased the size and yields of fruit by 23%, but had no effect on quality [sugar content]; however spraying 0.02 and 2 milligrammes Ni, before flowering and when the grapes were about the size of a pea, increased the size of the grapes and the sugar content and reduced acidity.
[ii] Dobrojubskij & Slavvo [1961] found that soil application of trace Ni increased metabolic activity, resulting in improved yield and quality.
[iii] Strakhov [1984] found that formulations containing inter alia 30 to 300 ppm Ni greatly increased the yield and quality of grapes.
I have similar information for a range of other less commonly applied micronutrients (such as iodine, selenium and vanadium - even cadmium which can be a problem at higher levels); and crops - such as tomatoes.
Iodine supplementation has to date been limited mainly to human dietary salt intake.
However, on grapes, Aksentyuk [1974] observed that spraying with 1 to 500 ppm I in combination with Bordeaux mixture increased [Cabernet Sauvignon & Chasselas] yields by 1.4 to 1.8 tonnes/Ha. Aksentyuk & Zhuravel [1983a,b] noted a 17% increase in yield by applying 4 kg I/Ha.
Furthermore Gjul'Amedov ao [1984] found the best effects in trace element trials by the use of 500 ppm I and 100 ppm sodium selenite which increased yields by 0.22 and 1.6 tonnes/Ha of grapes, respectively. The sugar contents increased by 0.6% and 0.4% respectively, while the acidity dropped by 0.40 g/l and 0.26 g/l respectively.
[d] There is also merit in considering what Dr Robyn Cosfora has written about the role of selenium in Down's Syndrome [and aging in general] :
Chromosome 21 encodes for several enzymes as now known. Perhaps the most important of these is the copper-zinc dependant enzyme Superoxide Dismutase enzyme [SOD].
This enzyme functions in the body to protect cells from harmful singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, which are produced during normal cell metabolism.
Under the influence of the enzyme, the hydroxide radicals and singlet oxygen are converted to hydrogen peroxide, a very reactive chemical.
Under normal circumstances, the selenium-dependant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, neutralises the hydrogen peroxide.
However in Down's syndrome, there is an excess of SOD production and thus an excess production of hydrogen peroxide and a deficiency in zinc.
The body tries to compensate for this by increasing the production of glutathione peroxidase with resultant deficiencies of glutathione and selenium.
This imbalance in hydrogen peroxide, glutathione, selenium and zinc, may well be the mechanism behind the oxidative damage and early aging and increased presenile dementia seen in Down's syndrome.
And Dobroljubskii [1963] found that a daily sprinkling of vanadium [sulphate] increased the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase and invertase in both the leaves and fruits of grapes. The treatment also increased the weight of fruits and their sugar content.
Ultimate proof of the benefits of a wide range of ultratrace elements rests however in practical results :
Dealler [1996] first raised the alarm that an epidemic of the human form of "mad cow" disease could be on its way - an alarm which now shows signs of being borne out.
Most significantly though, he also mentions the curious fact that scrapie, a similar disease in sheep, occurs only on certain farms, while others remain completely free of this disease. Moreover, even when the entire sheep herds of the infected farms are destroyed and replaced with new healthy sheep, scrapie quickly re-occurs on these farms.
And here is the most 'baffling' fact. Scrapie-infected sheep which had been shipped to Australia, there recovered and became completely healthy again.
Howard [1940 / '43 / '49 / '72/ '76/ '99], the former Director of the Institute of Plant Industry in Indore, India, described how his work oxen on his small organic farm in Pusa, India, remained completely immune to hoof & mouth disease.
Separated only by a low hedge from the large cattle shed of his neighbour, his oxen literally "rubbed noses" with the hoof & mouth disease-infected cattle of his neighbour, yet remained supremely healthy and totally immune to this highly infectious disease.
Sir Howard attributed the astonishing immunity of his cattle to hoof & mouth disease to the organic farming methods he first observed in and around Pusa, where every scrap of plant and animal waste, including weeds, was traditionally, and almost religiously returned to the soil.
Much impressed by the health and vitality of these crops, he adopted these methods on his own small farm - with the subsequent dramatic result as described in his book. The same results were obtained repeatedly at several other agricultural experimental stations, notably at Quetta (1910-1918) and Indore (1924-1931).
He proved again and again that hoof & mouth, as well as many other diseases, could be prevented and eradicated with what he termed "proper nutrition".
This is a clear indication that the lack of the complete natural range of the 72+ trace elements in the soil and fodder is the cause of scrapie. And the same may well hold true for BSE - for mad cow disease. This is borne out by the fact that many small farms - which are more likely to still return manure and other life wastes to the soil - remain free of mad cow disease.
At the time though, Sir Howard was - like everyone else, and most of our best experts even to this day - unaware that all organisms - plant, animal and human alike - require the complete natural range of the 72+ trace elements in their daily food to remain robustly healthy, and that return of all life wastes also returns and maintains the original complete range of the natural 72+ trace elements in the soil, and hence, in all of its products, and hence again, in all of its consumers - in a perpetual cycle from soil to crops, and hence to animals and humans - and via all life wastes, back again to the soil.
As mentioned throughout the site that this information is gleaned from, agriculture currently knows of and maintains only eight (8 !!!) trace elements in its soil, and due to this 150 year-old ignorance and neglect, over 60 crucially vital trace elements, to all organisms, have become either severely deficient or entirely exhausted. This is not only the cause of many crop, animal and human diseases, but it also renders their immune systems defenseless.
A simple trial will provide ample proof. Isolate a hoof & mouth disease infected herd, and feed them rations including a minimum of 2 grammes fish meal per kg body weight per animal per day. In 3 months,or less, the animals will be completely and robustly healthy.
This also gives us a way of determining whether livestock will be infected with hoof & mouth disease, or remain immune. If an analysis of pasture soil and of fodder shows the presence of the full spectrum of the 72+ trace elements, the herds reared on this soil and fed this fodder will remain healthy and immune to hoof & mouth disease.
Maybe there is a grain of truth in South African President Mbeki's opinions on AIDS prevalence.
Aksentyuk, I A [1973]. Sadovodstvo Vinogradasrtvo i Vinodelie Moldavii, no 7, 49-51
Aksentyuk, I A & L N Zhuravel [1983a]. Sadovodstvo Vinogradasrtvo i Vinodelie Moldavii, no 8, 43-44
Aksentyuk, I A & L N Zhuravel [1983b]. Sadovodstvo Vinogradasrtvo i Vinodelie Moldavii, no 11, 29-31
Anke, M., Groppel, B., Schmidt, A. and Kronemann, H. [1986]. Cadmium deficiency in ruminants. Proc. 5th Intern. Trace Element Symposium, University Leipzig-Jena, Germany, July 14-17, 937.
Anke, M., Groppel, B. and Schmidt, A. [1987]. New results on the essentiality of cadmium in ruminants. Proc. Symposium Trace Subst. in Environm. Health XXI., Univ. Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, 556.
Anke, M., Glei, M., Arnhold, W., Drobner, C., & Seifert, M. [1997]. Arsenic; In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements ( O'Dell, B. L. & Sunde, R. A., eds.) pp. 631-639. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY
Akao Y., Nakagawa Y., Akiyama K. [1999] Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell lines through the activation of caspase 3 in vitro. FEBS Lett.; 455(1-2): 59-62.
Dealler S [1996]. Lethal Legacy. Bloombury Publishing Plc, London, England.
Derkunskaja, MD [1961a]. Vinodelie i Vinogradasrtvo, no 21, pages 37 to 40
Derkunskaja, MD [1961b]. Sadovodstvo., vol 6, pages 30 to 31
Dobroljubskij OK (1959a). Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR, vol 128, pages 1080 to 1083
Dobroljubskij OK (1959b). Biohinija, vol 24, pages 625 to 630
Dobroljubskij OK (1960). Sadovodstvo., vol 3, pages 38 to 39
Dobroljubskij OK (1963). Fiziol. Rast., vol 10, pages 319 to 324
Dobroljubskij OK, GM Viktorova & VG Strakhov (1983). Sadovodstvo Vinogradasrtvo i Vinodelie Moldavii, no 7, 55
Dobroljubskij OK & AV Slavvo [1955]. Vinodelie i Vinogradasrtvo, no 6, page 43
Dobroljubskij OK & AV Slavvo [1956]. Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR, vol 106, pages 735 to 738
Dobroljubskij OK & AV Slavvo [1957]. Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR, vol 117, pages 1064 to 1067
Dobroljubskij OK & AV Slavvo [1958]. Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR, vol 121, pages 370 to 373
Dobroljubskij OK & AV Slavvo [1961]. Fiziol. Rast., vol 8, pages 355 to 357
Frost DV [1983]. What do losses in selenium and arsenic bioavailability signify for health? Sci Total Environ. Jun 28: 455-66
Gjul'Ahmedov AN, NA Agaev & AA Khalivo [1984]. Doklady Akad Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi, SSR, vol 40, pages 56 to 60
Howard, A [1940 / '43 / '49 / '72/ '76/ '99]. An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press.
Kirchgessner, M. and Reichlmayr-Lais, A.M. [1986]. Lead - an essential trace element. Proc. 5th Intern. Trace Element Symposium, University Leipzig-Jena, Germany, July 14-17, 1006.
Mayer DR, Kosmus W, Pogglitsch H, Mayer D, Beyer W [1993]. Essential trace elements in humans. Serum arsenic concentrations in hemodialysis patients in comparison to healthy controls. Biol Trace Elem Res. Apr 37:1 27-38
Meehan, BJ and K I Peverill [1996/7]. Enhancing productivity of crops and pastures by applying rare earth elements. RIRDC Project No: RMI-3A
Nielsen, F. H. [1991]. Nutritional requirements for boron, silicon, vanadium, nickel, and arsenic: current knowledge and speculation. FASEB J. 5: 2661-2667.
Niu C., Yan H., Yu T., Sun H.P., Liu J.X., Li X.S., Wu W., Zhang F.Q., Chen Y., Zhou L., Li J.M., Zeng X.Y., Yang R.R., Yuan M.M., Ren M.Y., Gu F.Y., Cao Q., Gu B.W. Su X.Y., Chen G.Q., Xiong S.M., Zhang T.D., Waxman S., Wang Z.Y., Chen S.J. ao [1999]. Studies on treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: remission induction, follow-up, and molecular monitoring in 11 newly diagnosed and 47 relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Blood; 94 (10): 3315-24.
Rousselot P., Labaume S., Marolleau J-P., Larghero J., Noguera M-H., Brouet J-C., Fermand J-P [1999]. Arsenic trioxide and Melarsoprol induce apoptosis in plasma cell lines and in plasma cells from lyeloma patients. Cancer Research; 59: 1041-48.
Schmidt A, Anke M, Groppel B, Kronemann H [1984]. Effects of As-deficiency on skeletal muscle, myocardium and liver. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. Exp Pathol; 25:4 195-7
Seol J.G., Park W.H., Kim E.S., Jung C.W., Hyun J.M., Kim B.K., Lee Y.Y. [1999]. Effect of arsenic trioxide on cell cycle arrest in head and neck cancer cell line PCI-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.; 265(2): 400-4.
Shen Z.Y., Tan L.J., Cai W.J., Shen J., Chen C., Tang X.M., Zheng M.H. [1999]. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis of oesophageal carcinoma in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Med.; 4(1): 33-7.
Soignet S.L., Maslak P., Zhu-Gang Wang, Jhanwar S., Calleja E., Dardashti L.J., Corso D., DeBlasio A., Gabrilove J., Scheinberg D.A., Pandolfi P.P., Warrel R.P.[1998] Complete remission after treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide. The New England Journal of Medicine; 339 (19): 1341-48.
Soignet S.L., Tong W.P. Hirschfeld S. Warrel R.P. [1999]. Clinical study of an organic arsenical, melarsoprol, in patients with advanced leukemia. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.; 44 (5) : 417-21.
Strakov, VG [1984]. Agrokhimiya, vol 3, pages 66 to 70 <
Strakov, VG, GR Tanurkov, YuF Sinkov & GM Viktorova [1984]. In : Puti Uvelicheniya Proizvodstva Vinograda i Produktivnykh Perarabotok. Odessa, Ukranian SSR, pages 31 to 34
Strakov, VG & GR Tanurkov [1982]. Sadovodstvo Vinogradasrtvo i Vinodelie Moldavii, no 5, 59 to 60.
U.S. EPA [1984] Health assessment document for inorganic arsenic: Final report. Office of Research and Development. Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (EPA-600/8-83-021F).
Uthus, EO et al. [1983] Consequences of arsenic deprivation in laboratory animals. In: Arsenic: Industrial, Biomedical, Environmental Perspectives, Lederer WH and Fensterheim RJ eds. New York: Van Nostrand and Reinhold Company, pp. 173-189.
Uthus EO [1990]. Effects of arsenic deprivation in hamsters. Magnes Trace Elem. 9:4 227-32
Zhang T.C., Cao E.H., Li J.F., Ma W., Qin J.F. [1999]. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cell growth by arsenic trioxide. Eur. J. Cancer; 35(8) 1258-63.
Zheng J., Deng Y.P., Lin C., Fu M., Xiao P.G., Wu M. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis of HPV16DNA-immortalized human cervical epithelial cells and selectively inhibits viral gene expression [1999]. Int. J. Cancer; 82(2): 286-92.
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